23 research outputs found
Semiconductor quantum ring as a solid-state spin qubit
The implementation of a spin qubit in a quantum ring occupied by one or a few
electrons is proposed. Quantum bit involves the Zeeman sublevels of the highest
occupied orbital. Such a qubit can be initialized, addressed, manipulated, read
out and coherently coupled to other quantum rings. An extensive discussion of
relaxation and decoherence is presented. By analogy with quantum dots, the spin
relaxation times due to spin-orbit interaction for experimentally accessible
quantum ring architectures are calculated. The conditions are formulated under
which qubits build on quantum rings can have long relaxation times of the order
of seconds. Rapidly improving nanofabrication technology have made such ring
devices experimentally feasible and thus promising for quantum state
engineering.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure 3 table
A learning by confusion approach to characterize phase transitions
Recently, the learning by confusion (LBC) approach has been proposed as a
machine learning tool to determine the critical temperature Tc of phase
transitions without any prior knowledge of its even approximate value. However,
the effectiveness of the method has been demonstrated only for continuous phase
transitions, where confusion can result only from a deliberate incorrect
labeling of the data and not from the coexistence of different phases. To
verify whether the confusion scheme can also be used for discontinuous phase
transitions, in this work, we apply the LBC method to three microscopic models,
the Blume-Capel, the q-state Potts, and the Falicov-Kimball models, which
undergo continuous or discontinuous phase transitions depending on model
parameters. With the help of a simple model, we predict that the phase
coexistence present in discontinuous phase transitions can make the neural
network more confused and thus decrease its performance. However, numerical
calculations performed for the models mentioned above indicate that other
aspects of this kind of phase transition are more important and can render the
LBC method less effective. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that in some cases the
same aspects allow us to use the LBC method to identify the order of a phase
transitio
Spin–orbit coupling in buckled monolayer nitrogene
Buckled monolayer nitrogene has been recently predicted to be stable above the room temperature.
The low atomic number of nitrogen atom suggests, that spin–orbit coupling in nitrogene is weak,
similar to graphene or silicene. We employ first principles calculations and perform a systematic
study of the intrinsic and extrinsic spin–orbit coupling in this material. We calculate the spin mixing
parameter b
2 , reflecting the strength of the intrinsic spin–orbit coupling and find, that b
2 is relatively
small, on the order of 10
−6 . It also displays a weak anisotropy, opposite for electrons and holes. To
study extrinsic effects of spin–orbit coupling we apply a transverse electric field enabling spin–orbit
fields . We find, that are on the order of a single μ eV in the valence band, and tens to a hundred of
μ eV in the conduction band, depending on the applied electric field. Similar to b
2 , is also anisotropic,
in particular for the conduction electrons
Spin-orbit coupling in elemental two-dimensional materials
The fundamental spin-orbit coupling and spin mixing in graphene and rippled
honeycomb lattice materials silicene, germanene, stanene, blue phosphorene,
arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthene is investigated from first principles. The
intrinsic spin-orbit coupling in graphene is revisited using multi-band theory, showing the presence of non-zero spin mixing in graphene despite the
mirror symmetry. However, the spin mixing itself does not lead to the the
Elliott-Yafet spin relaxation mechanism, unless the mirror symmetry is broken
by external factors. For other aforementioned elemental materials we present
the spin-orbit splittings at relevant symmetry points, as well as the spin
admixture as a function of energy close to the band extrema or Fermi
levels. We find that spin-orbit coupling scales as the square of the atomic
number Z, as expected for valence electrons in atoms. For isolated bands, it is
found that . The spin-mixing parameter also exhibits giant
anisotropy which, to a large extent, can be controlled by tuning the Fermi
level. Our results for can be directly transferred to spin relaxation
time due to the Elliott-Yafet mechanism, and therefore provide an estimate of
the upper limit for spin lifetimes in materials with space inversion center.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figure
k.p theory for phosphorene: Effective g-factors, Landau levels, and excitons
Phosphorene, a single layer of black phosphorus, is a direct band gap two-dimensional semiconductor with promising charge and spin transport properties. The electronic band structure of phosphorene is strongly affected by the structural anisotropy of the underlying crystal lattice. We describe the relevant conduction and valence bands close to the Gamma-point by four-and six-band (with spin) k . p models, including the previously overlooked interband spin-orbit coupling which is essential for studying anisotropic crystals. All the k . p parameters are obtained by a robust fit to ab initio data, by taking into account the nominal band structure and the k-dependence of the effective mass close to the Gamma-point. The inclusion of interband spin-orbit coupling allows us to determine dipole transitions along both armchair and zigzag directions. The interband coupling is also key to determine the effective g-factors and Zeeman splittings of the Landau levels. We predict the electron and hole g-factor correction of approximate to 0.03 due to the intrinsic contributions in phosphorene, which lies within the existing range of experimental data. Furthermore, we investigate excitonic effects using the k . p models and find exciton binding energy (0.81 eV) and exciton diameters consistent with experiments and ab initio based calculations. The proposed k . p Hamiltonians should be useful for investigating magnetic, spin, transport, and optical properties and many-body effects in phosphorene
Proximity-induced spin-orbit coupling in phosphorene on WSe monolayer
We investigate, using first-principles methods and effective-model
simulations, the spin-orbit coupling proximity effects in a bilayer
heterostructure comprising phosphorene and WSe monolayers. We specifically
analyze holes in phosphorene around the point, at which we find a
significant increase of the spin-orbit coupling that can be attributed to the
strong hybridization of phosphorene with the WSe bands. We also propose an
effective spin-orbit model based on the symmetry of the
studied heterostructure. The corresponding spin-orbit field can be divided into
two parts: the in-plane field, present due to the broken nonsymmorphic
horizontal glide mirror plane symmetry, and the dominant out-of-plane field
triggered by breaking the out-of-plane rotational symmetry of the phosphorene
monolayer. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that a heterostructure with
60 twist angle exhibits an opposite out-of-plane spin-orbit field,
indicating that the coupling can effectively be tuned by twisting. The studied
phosphorene/WSe bilayer is a prototypical low common-symmetry
heterostructure in which the proximity effect can be used to engineer the spin
texture of the desired material.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure
Spin-orbit coupling and spin relaxation in phosphorene: Intrinsic versus extrinsic effects
First-principles calculations of the essential spin-orbit and spin relaxation properties of phosphorene are performed. Intrinsic spin-orbit coupling induces spin mixing with the probability of b(2) approximate to 10(-4), exhibiting a large anisotropy, following the anisotropic crystalline structure of phosphorene. For realistic values of the momentum relaxation times, the intrinsic (Elliott-Yafet) spin relaxation times are hundreds of picoseconds to nanoseconds. Applying a transverse electric field ( simulating gating and substrates) generates extrinsic C-2v symmetric spin-orbit fields in phosphorene, which activate the D'yakonov-Perel' mechanism for spin relaxation. It is shown that this extrinsic spin relaxation also has a strong anisotropy and can dominate over the Elliott-Yafet one for strong enough electric fields. Phosphorene on substrates can thus exhibit an interesting interplay of both spin-relaxation mechanisms, whose individual roles could be deciphered using our results